When my parents gave me the initials A.I., they probably didn’t expect me to end up working in it!
I am a Computer Science PhD researcher at the University of Cambridge, working on various projects related to the governance of data, AI, and connected devices. I hold Bachelor's degrees in both Law and Artificial Intelligence from the University of Amsterdam, and an MPhil (Master’s) in Engineering for Sustainable Development from the University of Cambridge, where I graduated with distinction.
Besides my research, I work at ARTHUR, a law firm specialised in digital technology. I provide legal and ethical advice for various EU projects, which keeps me on my toes with the ever-growing jungle of the EU’s tech regulations :)
The common thread in my work is exploring how legal principles, rights, and obligations can be translated into digital technologies (and vice versa) across various contexts.
Feel free to approach me for collaborations, talks, or guidance.
Featured Workshops & Talks
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July ‘25 - Guest Lecture about AI, Sensor Networks, and Ethics in Urban Environments at the MSt in Sustainability Leadership for the Built Environment. This is part of a workshop series for a Master’s course for professionals at the University of Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership (CISL).
This is an annual lecture (also ‘24 and ‘26).
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June ‘25 - Rights Out of Sight: Data Practices and Transparency Gaps in Smart Consumer IoT Ecosystems
“By empirically exposing the nature of data transmissions and the failure of vendors to meet transparency obligations, this paper reveals a troubling status quo: smart product users have minimal agency over their data, while vendors operate with little to no accountability. ”
Proceedings of the 2025 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency · 23 jun. 2025.
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June ‘25 - I supported Dimitra Karimanou in preparing and hosting a workshop about privacy issues related to the use of women’s health data for research. This is part of the Conference on AI Research for Women’s Health.
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May ‘25 - Fertility tracking apps and devices are widely used to support reproductive health, but what actually happens to the sensitive data they collect? This talk presents research into how these technologies handle intimate information, such as cycle data, mood, and sexual activity, and where that data goes. I explore the nature and destinations of data transmissions, as well as how users perceive these practices.
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May ‘25 - ReEvaluate is a European Project on digitisation and management of cultural heritage, supported by AI. On behalf of ARTHUR, I provided a workshop on a Data Monitoring Tool that we developed.
More about ReEvaluate: https://reevaluate.eu/
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April ‘25 - Intimate Data Sharing: Enhancing Transparency and Control in Fertility Tracking
“Our study deepens understandings of fertility tracker data sharing and presents co-created mechanisms to enhance user agency over their data in intimate contexts.”
Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · 26 apr. 2025
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April ‘25 - I presented a short paper outlining a research agenda for Public Procurement as an enforcement mechanism for responsible AI. This was a contribution to a workshop on Participatory AI Design in Public Sector Innovation.
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April ‘25 I contributed with a short paper to the workshop Body Politics: Unpacking Tensions and Future Perspectives for Body-Centric Design Research in Human-Computer Interaction.
My paper revolved around the following questions (excerpt): “What forms of agency are made possible, or foreclosed, when intimate data is silently repurposed? What happens when the reproductive body is made hyper-visible to infrastructures of surveillance and profit? How can we centre bodily autonomy and lived experience in the design of accountability mechanisms?”
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October ‘24 - I gave a talk and joined a panel discussion about the Unintended Consequences of Artificial Intelligence at the Major Projects Association‘s conference, themed: ‘The answer is AI, now what’s the question?’
I was quoted in the event summary report:
“It is very important to start by asking, ‘What kind of problem am I going to solve?’ and then, ‘What are the different approaches to solving this problem?’ while also considering the costs and benefits of each approach, including unintended consequences. In that case, when thinking about using AI, it's not a binary decision. It’s not just about whether to use AI or not, but really about how you are going to organise its implementation and use.” -
April ‘24 - TwinERGY offers a platform for citizens and communities to ‘prosume’ energy by empowering them to track their energy use and to proactively participate in the market. As Strategy Counsel at ARTHUR, I presented about a report I co-authored regarding legal and ethics considerations relating to smart meters and data sharing.
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June ‘23 - Data rights in the consumer Internet of Things
“This paper describes some outcomes from multidisciplinary work that attempted to shed light on IoT processing practices through the technical monitoring of IoT device transmissions, and using rights under data protection law.”
A. I. Hudig, C. Norval and J. Singh, "Data rights in the consumer Internet of Things," International Conference on AI and the Digital Economy (CADE 2023), Venice, Italy, 2023, pp. 25-30, doi: 10.1049/icp.2023.2560.
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June ‘23 - The UNSW Allens Hub is an academic community for technological change, law, and legal practice. For an audience of researchers and professionals, I highlighted the key insights from our Internet-of-Things study and what that means for individuals whose data is being collected by these devices, as well as for a broader range of stakeholders.
Watch back: https://allenshub.unsw.edu.au/events/transparency-consumer-internet-things
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June ‘23 - I spoke with Frits Bussemaker about my research project on the Internet of Things. We discussed transparency in data transmission from smart devices and why this is important for accountability in the digital environment.
Watch back: https://i4ada.org/dialogues/anna-ida-hudig-university-of-cambridge/
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May ‘23 - What happens with our data in the Internet of Things? Conference for female computer science researchers in Oxford and Cambridge
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March ‘23 - BeOpen developed an Open framework for boosting EU High Value Datasets from the Public Sector. As Strategy Counsel at ARTHUR, I co-authored a trust framework and designed a hands-on tool for operationalising trust principles in the public sector using technical components.
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May ‘22 - AgriCaptureCO2 is developed an approach to measure carbon capture in soil using soil and satellite data to promote regenerative agriculture.
As Strategy Counsel at ARTHUR, I gave a workshop on mechanisms for trusted data sharing within the projects.
Academic Projects
Hudig, A.I., Mandalari, A.M., Norval, C., Haddadi, H., Binns, R., & Singh, J. (2025). Rights Out of Sight: Data Practices and Transparency Gaps in Smart Consumer IoT Ecosystems. ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT '25), Athens, Greece, https://doi.org/10.1145/3715275.3732154.
Hudig, A.I. & Singh, J. (2025). Intimate Data Sharing: Enhancing Transparency and Control in Fertility Tracking, ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’25), Yokohama, Japan, https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3706598.3714089.
Hudig, A.I., Norval, C., & Singh, J. (2023). Data Rights in the Consumer Internet of Things, International Conference on AI and the Digital Economy (CADE 2023), Venice, Italy, pp. 25-30, doi:10.1049/icp.2023.2560.
Hudig, A.I., Norval, C., & Singh, J. (2023). Transparency in the Consumer Internet of Things: Data Rights and Data Flows [Research Report]. This project was funded by a grant from the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO). The report can be found here: https://iot-transparency.org.
First Author Publications
Supervisor of undergraduate computer science students in Interaction Design and in Economics, Law and Ethics at the University of Cambridge.
Guest lecturer at the MSt Sustainability Leadership for the Built Environment at the Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership (CISL).
Private tutor in maths and physics to high school students.
Teaching

Selected Professional Projects
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REEVALUATE is a Horizon Europe project that supports the cultural heritage sector in digitising their collections, using AI for contextualisation. On behalf of ARTHUR, I developed a Data Management Tool for knowledge sharing and quarterly reviews on data management and AI ethics.
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BeOpen is a Horizon Europe Project that developed an open data framework for boosting EU High Value Datasets from the Public Sector. In my capacity as Strategy Counsel at ARTHUR, I developed a Trust Framework Report on Legal interoperability, ethics, and trust components for High Value Datasets in the public sector. I also developed and presented a hands-on Trust Framework Tool for the public sector to help select technical components underpinning certain trust principles.
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AgriCaptureCO2 combines soil data, satellite data and dashboards to measure the impact of regenerative agriculture methods on soil carbon levels as verification method for carbon credit certificates. On behalf of ARTHUR, I have written a report ‘Ethical and Legal Requirements: an identification of the relevant ethical and legal frameworks related to the AgriCapture project and platform’. I presented the findings in an interactive workshop at a project meeting in Belgrade, Serbia.
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TwinERGY built a platform for citizens and communities to ‘prosume’ energy by empowering them to track their energy use and to proactively participate in the market.
As Strategy Counsel at ARTHUR, I co-authored a Legal & Ethical Compliance Guide: an identification of legal and ethical requirements relevant to the TwinERGY project and pilots. I presented these findings at project meetings in Bristol and Barcelona.
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STAR is a Horizon Europe project about Safe and Trusted Human Centric Artificial Intelligence in Future Manufacturing Lines. I have provided legal and ethics advice. Also co-authored a Book Chapter:
Van der Wees, A., Hudig, H.A.I. & Prins, C. (22 November 2021). AI That Works: The Symbiosis of Functionals & Non-Functionals as Main Success Factor in Trusted Artificial Intelligence in Manufacturing. In: A Review of the Emerging Wave of Ethical and Human Centric AI Technologies for Smart Production. Edited by John Soldatos and Dimosthenis Kyriazis. pp. 191–210. Now Publishers.
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In 2018-2019, I led a project on using a distributed ledger (blockchain) based strategy to capture and trace carbon emissions in international shipping, in collaboration with the Port of Rotterdam. This resulted in world’s first marine fuel transaction using blockchain!
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From 2016 till 2018, I have been advising public and semi-public organisations on how to effectively procure low-emission (GHG/local) transport modalities or fuels. This was a part-time job I did during my studies and which I loved.
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For a research internship at ABN AMRO (a Dutch bank), I developed, tested, and evaluated a Bitcoin Data Representation that can be used as input for machine learning (K-prototype clustering) to predict which Bitcoin addresses likely belong to the same entity, based on transaction patterns.
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I did an internship at Vandebron, an energy company that delivers electricity from farmers with windmills or solar panels to households. Now full-grown, but back then (2015) it was still a young startup. I was spending my summer on business development strategies for the solar energy market and finding cool opportunities.
Education
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Research on how digital systems can be designed and governed to prioritise transparency and accountability. Perspectives from technology, law, and society.
See Academic Projects for details.
Compliant and Accountable Systems Group, Department of Computer Science . -
Graduated with distinction
Dissertation: Towards Inclusive and Sustainable Artificial Intelligence - Case Studies on User-Centric Data Business Models for Development in Low-Income Countries (See Academic Projects for detail).
Courses: Driving Change Towards Sustainability - Sustainability Methods and Metrics - International Development - Policy, Legislation and Governance - Electricity and the Environment - Energy, Development and Rural Livelihoods - Sustainable Architecture and Urban Design - Resilience and Hazard Mitigation in Future Cities - Negotiation Skills - Client Consultancy Project -
The BSc Future Planet Studies is an interdisciplinary course on complex future challenges. I specialised on the Major Artificial Intelligence.
Major courses: Logic - Linear Algebra - Calculus and Statistics - Logic Programming and Search Methods (Prolog) - Object Oriented Programming (Java) - Machine Learning (Python) - Decision Making (Python) - Data Structures and Algorithms (C) - Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence.
Thesis - Identifying Bitcoin Owners: an Evaluation of a Transaction Based Bitcoin Data Representation as Input for Unsupervised Address Clustering written at ABN AMRO (a Dutch Bank). -
Thesis - CO2 at Sea: State Responsibility for Carbon Emissions in International Shipping (graded 9.5/10).
Author of a range of articles on the intersections of law and technology, and law and sustainability.
I’m always learning and exploring. Besides the degrees listed here, I’ve taken a few side paths:
Winter School in Cultural Heritage (KNIR) in Rome
Summer School in Development in the International Political Economy at London School of Economics
One-month Permaculture Course in Kibbutz Lotan
Doctoral Training School in Surveillance Studies, Colchester, UK
I also took courses in Practical Philosophy, Philosophy of Science, and Philosophy of Space and Time.